Analyzing Labor Policies in Garments Industry and Its Practical Implications Related to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Pakistan

Abstract

Despite having OSH-related labor laws in place, Pakistan continues to face significant challenges in safeguarding worker health and safety, particularly in the garment industry. This study critically examines the structural and legal limitations of Pakistan’s Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) framework through a qualitative, desk-based analysis of secondary sources, including national laws, provincial policies, and international conventions. It uses a comparative legal approach to analyze OSH systems in India and Bangladesh, drawing lessons from their consolidated codes and national labor policies. The findings reveal deep rooted issues in Pakistan’s labor landscape: weak institutional enforcement, minimal labor union participation, outdated national policy frameworks, and a severe shortage of inspectors. While India’s OSH Code 2020 centralizes multiple labor laws, and Bangladesh's policies support gender inclusion and improved workplace practices, Pakistan’s framework remains fragmented and under-implemented. The study recommends clear implementation mechanisms at provincial levels, increased labor representation in policymaking bodies, capacity-building for labor departments, and expansion of training initiatives through institutions like SAA-CIWCE. It also emphasizes the need for transparent inspection systems and increased budgetary allocations to enable policy enforcement. The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on labor reform by offering actionable recommendations to align Pakistan’s OSH practices with international standards and enhance worker safety in the garment sector.